• 1. What is pigment?

Pigment (also called melanin) is a color particle that is naturally produced by pigment cells called melanocytes, which are located in the skin. There are two main types of pigment: eumelanin and pheomelanin. Eumelanin is brown or black, while pheomelanin is yellow or red.

• 2. What is pigmentation?

Pigmentation is the body's natural response to protect the skin from harmful UV radiation. When the skin is exposed to UV light, melanocytes produce more pigment to absorb the radiation and prevent further damage to skin cells. This process is called melanogenesis or skin tanning.

• 3. Why are some people more prone to pigmentation?

The amount and type of pigment in your skin is largely determined by genetics. People with more eumelanin tend to have darker skin, while those with more pheomelanin have lighter skin. Exposure to UV light can also stimulate pigment production, which is why people tan when they spend time in the sun.

• 4. How does sunlight trigger pigmentation?

When UV light hits the skin, it damages the DNA in skin cells, which can lead to skin cancer. To protect itself, the skin produces pigment to absorb the UV radiation and prevent further damage. This process can take several days, which is why people don't usually see an immediate dark tan after being in the sun.

• 5. What cosmetic products can help inhibit pigmentation?

There are several ingredients in skincare products that can help inhibit melanin production and prevent hyperpigmentation, including:
- Vitamin C: a potent antioxidant that can help brighten the skin and inhibit melanin production.
- Niacinamide: a form of vitamin B3 that can help reduce hyperpigmentation and even out skin tone.
- Retinoids: derivatives of vitamin A that can help speed up cell turnover and prevent melanin from accumulating in the skin.
- Arbutin: a natural derivative of hydroquinone that can help inhibit melanin production without the side effects of hydroquinone.
- Licorice extract: contains glabridin, a compound that can help inhibit melanin production and reduce inflammation.

• 6. How can we prevent pigmentation?

The best ways to prevent melanin production and protect your skin from UV damage are to:
- Use sunscreen: Apply a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher every day, even on cloudy days.
- Wear protective clothing: Cover up with long-sleeved shirts, pants, and wide-brimmed hats when you're outside.
- Avoid tanning beds: Indoor tanning can increase your risk of skin cancer and accelerate skin aging.